UNIT 8: CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER 21: GIRDING FOR WAR

President of the Disunited States of America

1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter

Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson

2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?

Brothers' Blood and Border Blood

Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb

3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?

The Balance of Forces

Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

4. What advantages did the South have? The North have?

Dethroning King Cotton

Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn

5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy

Know: Trent, Alabama

6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?

Foreign Flare-Ups

Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian

7. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?

President Davis Versus President Lincoln

Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln

8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?

Limitations on Wartime Liberties

Know: Habeas Corpus

9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with such arbitrary power?

Volunteers and Draftees: North and South

Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers

10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.

The Economic Stresses of War

Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation

11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?

The North's Economic Boom

Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix

12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.

CHAPTER 22: THE FURNACE OF WAR

Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War

Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson

14. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign

Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan

15. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.

The War at Sea

Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor

16. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?

The Pivotal Point: Antietam

17. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"

A Proclamation Without Emancipation

Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region

18. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.

Blacks Battle Bondage

Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow

19. African-Americans were an important factor in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg

Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address

20. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?

The War in the West

Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg

21. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.

Sherman Scorches Georgia

Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea

22. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?

The Politics of War

Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham

23. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.

The Election of 1864

Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta

24. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?

Grant Outlasts Lee

Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse

25. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?

The Martyrdom of Lincoln

Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe

26. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.

The Aftermath of the Nightmare

Know: Lost Cause

27. What was the legacy of the Civil War?

Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?

28. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?

CHAPTER 23: THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION

The Problems of Peace

Know: Reconstruction

29. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.

Freedmen Define Freedom

Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association

30. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?

The Freedmen's Bureau

Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard

31. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Johnson: The Tailor President

Know: Andrew Johnson

32. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.

Presidential Reconstruction

Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans

33. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?

The Baleful Black Codes

Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage

34. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?

Congressional Reconstruction

35. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)

Johnson Clashes with Congress

Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment

36. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?

Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson

37. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?

Republican Principles and Programs

Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans

38. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?

Reconstruction by the Sword

Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule

39. Describe military reconstruction.

No Women Voters

Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment

40. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?

The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers

41. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?

The Ku Klux Klan

Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise

42. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?

Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank

Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton

43. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson

Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens

44. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?

The Purchase of Alaska

Know: William Seward, Russia

45. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.

The Heritage of Reconstruction

46. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.

Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was Reconstruction?

47. Do you believe that the primary motive in Reconstruction was revenge or the desire to help African-Americans? Explain.

CHAPTER 24: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant

Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt

48. Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?

The Era of Good Stealings

Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden

49. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.

A Carnival of Corruption

Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap

50. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.

The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley

51. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?

Depression and Demands for Inflation

Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act

52. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age

Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine

53. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?

The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876

Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden

54. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?

The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), Crop-lien, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

55. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?

Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes

Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act

56. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

The Chinese

Know: Chinatowns, Chinese Exclusion Act

57. Why did most Chinese immigrants come to America?

"Cold Water" Gets Cold Shoulder

Know: His Fraudulancy, Lemonade Lucy

58. In what way was Hayes out of step with his times?

The Garfield Interlude

Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau

59. Why did James Garfield win the 1880 election?

Chester Arthur Takes Command

Know: Chester A. Arthur, The Pendleton Act of 1883

60. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act?

The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884

Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion

61. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884.

"Old Grover" Takes Over

62. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would."

Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff

63. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs?

Harrison Ousts Cleveland in 1888

Know: Benjamin Harrison, Sir Lionel Sackville-West

64. Why did Harrison defeat Cleveland in the election of 1888?